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MATHEMATICS AND THE WORLD AROUND USREAL-LIFE, REAL-WORLD, CONTEX-BASED, APPLIED MATHEMATICS
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Parts of the result which are
COLORFULY
BORDERED
we already know!
RED BORDERED GRAPH
It is a different representation of a Spirometry curve from the previous problems (problem 1.1 - 1.6)
The first rectangle represents values of a healthy human (predict values).
The second and the third rectangle represent the result of a patient (the first one - stats from the first measurement, the second one - stats from the second measurement).
If the doctor compare these three graphs, he/she can immediately recognize, if the patient's measured values are increased/decreased or normal.
ORANGE BORDERED GRAPH
The difference between FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) and VC (Slow Vital Capacity) is in the exhalation.
If the doctor asks patient to exhale calmly and slowly, we talk about Slow Vital Capacity.
Contrarily, if the patient exhales forcefully and quickly, we talk about Forced Vital Capacity.
The volume of an exhaled air should be, for a healhy human, equal in the both cases. If there is a big difference, we can expect, that our patient suffers by Obstructive disease.
It is not necessary to differentiate between FVC and VC values for us.
Parts of the result which are
COLORFULY
BORDERED
we already know!
RED BORDERED GRAPH
It is a different representation of a Spirometry curve from the previous problems (problem 1.1 - 1.6)
The first rectangle represents values of a healthy human (predict values).
The second and the third rectangle represent the result of a patient (the first one - stats from the first measurement, the second one - stats from the second measurement).
If the doctor compare these three graphs, he/she can immediately recognize, if the patient's measured values are increased/decreased or normal.
ORANGE BORDERED GRAPH
The difference between FVC (Forced Vital Capacity) and VC (Slow Vital Capacity) is in the exhalation.
If the doctor asks patient to exhale calmly and slowly, we talk about Slow Vital Capacity.
Contrarily, if the patient exhales forcefully and quickly, we talk about Forced Vital Capacity.
The volume of an exhaled air should be, for a healhy human, equal in the both cases. If there is a big difference, we can expect, that our patient suffers by Obstructive disease.
It is not necessary to differentiate between FVC and VC values for us.
PLEASE NOTE that the answers taken from the graph's data are only approximate! The difference between yours and our answers can be +-100ml.
Our patient's Forced Vital Capacity is approximately 2340ml.
If there is a big difference between yours and our answer, try to check the HELPER to this problem (bulb picture).
Yes, there is a difference.
Forced Vital Capacity of a healthy, 56 years old man who is 171cm tall should be 4.06l, but the patient's measured FVC is 2.34l.
Our patient's Forced Vital capacity is decreased.
There can be Restrictive lung disease expected but, to affirm this suspicion, it is necessary to know other parameters' values like Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) or Peak expiratory flow (PEF).
(Missing parameters are discussed and can be discovered and understood in the next chapters.)
Our patient's Tidal Volume is approximately 0.5 liter.
Expiratory Reserve Volume is approximately 0.82 liter.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume is approximately 1.02 liter.
Note:There was a small change in an exhaled air at the end of the Spirometry - patient exhaled deeper. Mentioned change is caused by a forced exhalation in 9 - 11 second and we can neglect it in our counts.
Tidal volume of a healthy, 56 years old man, non-smoker who is 171 cm tall is lying in an interval <0.61 l ; 0.73 l> (15% - 18% of FVC of a healthy man, non-smoker, who has requested high and age).
Expiratory Reserve Volume of a healthy, 56 years old man, non-smoker who is 171 cm tall is 1.02 liter.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume of a healthy, 56 years old man, non-smoker who is 171 cm tall is 2.44 liter.
Our patient's measured values in comparison to the values of a healthy man, 56 years old, non-smoker, who is 171 cm tall.
| 56 YEARS OLD MAN, 171 cm | FVC [l] | TV [l] | ERV [l] | IRV [l] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MEASURED/PATIENT'S VALUES | 2.34 | 0.5 | 0.82 | 1.02 |
| IDEAL/TABLE VALUES | 4.06 | <0.6, 0.73> | 1.02 | 2.44 |
something to think about: Is the y-location (location against the volume ax-axis) of a spirometry curve important? Is there any change on TV, IRV, ERV and FVC if we move it above/below?
PLEASE NOTE that the answers taken from the graph's data are only approximate! The difference between yours and our answers can be +-100ml.
Firstly, it is necessary to understand the graph we are working with.
Try to answer following questions
To find an answer to this question, the imagine of a simple breathing can help. Try to close your eyes, inhale and exhale few times. Is the air volume in your lungs increasing or decreasing when you are inhaling air?
Check your answer HERE
Note
If there are more than one of this type of exhalations, we are interested in the first one. The first one was executed on behalf of a doctor's appeal, after a forced inhalation.
Check your answer HERE
Check your answer HERE
I am sure, you can solve the problem 1.1 easily now. What is the volume of an air exhaled during the greatest exhalation?
Try to look to the Forced Vital Capacity predicted values' table (a link is available after problem 1.2 assignment).
What Forced Vital Capacity should have a healthy man, who is 56 years old and 171cm high?
As a height unit, INCH is used in a table. Inches are usually used in an anglophone districts, most common in the USA and the United Kingdom (1 inch = 2.54 cm).
| Man's Forced Vital Capacity Predicted Values | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AGE (years) | ||||||||
| HEIGHT (inches) | 51 | 53 | 55 | 57 | 59 | 61 | 63 | 65 |
| 60 | 2.97 | 2.91 | 2.85 | 2.79 | 2.74 | 2.68 | 2.62 | 2.56 |
| 60.5 | 3.05 | 2.99 | 2.93 | 2.88 | 2.82 | 2.76 | 2.70 | 2.64 |
| 61 | 3.13 | 3.08 | 3.02 | 2.96 | 2.90 | 2.84 | 2.79 | 2.73 |
| 61.5 | 3.22 | 3.16 | 3.10 | 3.04 | 2.98 | 2.93 | 2.87 | 2.81 |
| 62 | 3.30 | 3.24 | 3.18 | 3.12 | 3.07 | 3.01 | 2.95 | 2.89 |
| 62.5 | 3.38 | 3.32 | 3.26 | 3.21 | 3.15 | 3.09 | 3.03 | 2.97 |
| 63 | 3.46 | 3.41 | 3.35 | 3.29 | 3.23 | 3.17 | 3.12 | 3.06 |
| 63.5 | 3.55 | 3.49 | 3.43 | 3.37 | 3.31 | 3.26 | 3.20 | 3.14 |
| 64 | 3.63 | 3.57 | 3.51 | 3.45 | 3.40 | 3.34 | 3.28 | 3.22 |
| 64.5 | 3.71 | 3.65 | 3.59 | 3.54 | 3.48 | 3.42 | 3.36 | 3.30 |
| 65 | 3.79 | 3.74 | 3.68 | 3.62 | 3.56 | 3.50 | 3.45 | 3.39 |
| 65.5 | 3.88 | 3.82 | 3.76 | 3.70 | 3.64 | 3.59 | 3.53 | 3.47 |
| 66 | 3.96 | 3.90 | 3.84 | 3.78 | 3.73 | 3.67 | 3.61 | 3.55 |
| 66.5 | 4.04 | 3.98 | 3.93 | 3.87 | 3.81 | 3.75 | 3.69 | 3.64 |
| 67 | 4.12 | 4.07 | 4.01 | 3.95 | 3.89 | 3.83 | 3.78 | 3.72 |
| 67.5 | 4.21 | 4.15 | 4.09 | 4.03 | 3.97 | 3.92 | 3.86 | 3.80 |
| 68 | 4.29 | 4.23 | 4.17 | 4.11 | 4.06 | 4.00 | 3.94 | 3.88 |
| 68.5 | 4.37 | 4.31 | 4.26 | 4.20 | 4.14 | 4.08 | 4.02 | 3.97 |
| 69 | 4.45 | 4.40 | 4.34 | 4.28 | 4.22 | 4.16 | 4.11 | 4.05 |
| 69.5 | 4.54 | 4.48 | 4.42 | 4.36 | 4.30 | 4.25 | 4.19 | 4.13 |
| 70 | 4.62 | 4.56 | 4.50 | 4.45 | 4.39 | 4.33 | 4.27 | 4.21 |
| 70.5 | 4.70 | 4.64 | 4.59 | 4.53 | 4.47 | 4.41 | 4.35 | 4.30 |
| 71 | 4.78 | 4.73 | 4.67 | 4.61 | 4.55 | 4.49 | 4.44 | 4.38 |
| 71.5 | 4.87 | 4.81 | 4.75 | 4.69 | 4.63 | 4.58 | 4.52 | 4.46 |
| 72 | 4.95 | 4.89 | 4.83 | 4.78 | 4.72 | 4.66 | 4.60 | 4.54 |
| 72.5 | 5.03 | 4.97 | 4.92 | 4.86 | 4.80 | 4.74 | 4.68 | 4.63 |
| 73 | 5.11 | 5.06 | 5.00 | 4.94 | 4.88 | 4.82 | 4.77 | 4.71 |
| 73.5 | 5.20 | 5.14 | 5.08 | 5.02 | 4.96 | 4.91 | 4.85 | 4.79 |
| 74 | 5.28 | 5.22 | 5.16 | 5.11 | 5.05 | 4.99 | 4.93 | 4.87 |
| 74.5 | 5.36 | 5.30 | 5.25 | 5.19 | 5.13 | 5.07 | 5.01 | 4.96 |
| 75 | 5.44 | 5.39 | 5.33 | 5.27 | 5.21 | 5.15 | 5.10 | 5.04 |
| 75.5 | 5.53 | 5.47 | 5.41 | 5.35 | 5.30 | 5.24 | 5.18 | 5.12 |
| 76 | 5.61 | 5.55 | 5.49 | 5.44 | 5.38 | 5.32 | 5.26 | 5.20 |
| 76.5 | 5.69 | 5.63 | 5.58 | 5.52 | 5.46 | 5.40 | 5.34 | 5.29 |
| 77 | 5.77 | 5.72 | 5.66 | 5.60 | 5.54 | 5.48 | 5.43 | 5.37 |
| 77.5 | 5.86 | 5.80 | 5.74 | 5.68 | 5.63 | 5.57 | 5.51 | 5.45 |
| 78 | 5.94 | 5.88 | 5.82 | 5.77 | 5.71 | 5.65 | 5.59 | 5.53 |
| 78.5 | 6.02 | 5.96 | 5.91 | 5.85 | 5.79 | 5.73 | 5.67 | 5.62 |
| 79 | 6.10 | 6.05 | 5.99 | 5.93 | 5.87 | 5.81 | 5.76 | 5.70 |
| 79.5 | 6.19 | 6.13 | 6.07 | 6.01 | 5.96 | 5.90 | 5.84 | 5.78 |
| 80 | 6.27 | 6.21 | 6.15 | 6.10 | 6.04 | 5.98 | 5.92 | 5.86 |
| 80.5 | 6.35 | 6.29 | 6.24 | 6.18 | 6.12 | 6.06 | 6.00 | 5.95 |
| 81 | 6.44 | 6.38 | 6.32 | 6.26 | 6.20 | 6.15 | 6.09 | 6.03 |
| 81.5 | 6.52 | 6.46 | 6.40 | 6.34 | 6.29 | 6.23 | 6.17 | 6.11 |
| 82 | 6.60 | 6.54 | 6.48 | 6.43 | 6.37 | 6.31 | 6.25 | 6.19 |
| 82.5 | 6.68 | 6.62 | 6.57 | 6.51 | 6.45 | 6.39 | 6.33 | 6.28 |
| 83 | 6.77 | 6.71 | 6.65 | 6.59 | 6.53 | 6.48 | 6.42 | 6.36 |
| 83.5 | 6.85 | 6.79 | 6.73 | 6.67 | 6.62 | 6.56 | 6.50 | 6.44 |
| 84 | 6.93 | 6.87 | 6.81 | 6.76 | 6.70 | 6.64 | 6.58 | 6.52 |
| 84.5 | 7.01 | 6.95 | 6.90 | 6.84 | 6.78 | 6.72 | 6.66 | 6.61 |
| 85 | 7.10 | 7.04 | 6.98 | 6.92 | 6.86 | 6.81 | 6.75 | 6.69 |
Try to look to the Pulmonary Diseases' table (a link is available after problem 1.3 assignment).
What kind of a disease is signalized by a reduced Forced Vital Capacity?
Try to go back to the text before the problem 1.4, read it carefully again and pay attention to the graph.
What exactly are describing concepts Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
Which parts of our patient's Spirometry curve represent these volumes?
Try to go back to the text before the problem 1.4 and read it carefully once again.
What Vital capacity should have a healthy man who is 56 years old and 171 centimeters tall?
What percentage of a Vital Capacity should be reached in Tidal Volume for a healthy human?
What percentage of a Vital Capacity should be reached in Expiratory and Inspiratory Reserve Volume?
What Vital capacity should have a healthy man who is 56 years old and 171 centimeters tall?
What Tidal Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume and Inspiratory Reserve Volume should he has?
Try to put these volumes to our patient's spirometry curve?
If you have any questions or if you need any help, I will be glad to help you! Please feel free to send me an email (martina.babinska.sk@gmail.com).